Congenital Zika syndrome refers to a group of birth defects, notably Microcephaly, which have been associated with ZIKV infection during pregnancy. The clinical presentations of symptomatic ZIKV can include Zika fever, congenital Zika syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Most Zika (ZIKV) infections are asymptomatic, with only approximately 20% of infections causing symptoms. Dengue infection can be asymptomatic but clinical presentations range from mild dengue fever (DF), a febrile illness similar to influenza, to the severe forms of dengue dengue shock syndrome (DSS) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF). Arboviruses, including dengue, Zika and chikungunya, are of particular concern due to the recent increase in global cases promoted by the rapid spread of both their primary mosquito vector Aedes aegypti as well as their secondary vector Aedes albopictus. Vector-borne diseases are one of the most significant public health burdens globally, with 80% of the total world population at risk. The results of this study highlight the importance of using a multifactorial approach when designing vector control programs in order to effectively distribute local health care resources. Measures of poverty, including critical overcrowding and no access to improved water source were also found to be higher in areas of higher disease incidence. A decline in dengue following outbreaks of Zika (2016) is also reported. The results show significant relationships between disease incidence and temperature, precipitation and wind speed. This study investigated the factors affecting arbovirus incidence in three distinct regions of Colombia: Bello, Cúcuta and Moniquirá. Areas of high poverty have abundance of suitable habitat for Ae.
Socio-economic factors contribute to perpetuate disease risk.
#Ashley c60d years driver
Climate is an important driver in mosquito development and virus reproduction and hence the association of climate with disease risk. Understanding factors associated with risk of these viruses is key for informing control programmes and predicting when outbreaks may occur. The primary method of controlling the spread of these arboviruses is through mosquito control. aegypti mosquitoes (dengue, Zika, chikungunya) are amongst the most significant public health concerns of recent years due to the increase in global cases and the rapid spread of the vectors. This is even more acute given the recent historical high of dengue cases in the Americas in 2019, preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, which is itself hampering mosquito control efforts. It is therefore vital that we learn from the epidemiology of these arboviruses and translate it into an actionable local knowledge base. Aedes aegypti is expanding its range and increasing the global threat of these diseases. Socio-demographic influencers were also discussed including the influx of people to Cúcuta, fleeing political and economic instability from neighbouring Venezuela. Socio-economic factors such as barriers to health and childhood services, inadequate sanitation and poor water supply suggested an unfavourable impact on the transmission of dengue, Zika and chikungunya in all three ecosystems. The transmission of Zika during the 2016 epidemic appeared to decrease circulation of dengue in Cúcuta, an area of sustained high incidence of dengue. Average temperature, minimum temperature and wind speed were strongly correlated with disease incidence. Correlational analyses were conducted with both generalised linear models and generalised additive models for the geographical data. These locations were confirmed as three different ecosystems given their contrasted geographic, climatic and socio-economic profiles. Here we present an integrated analysis of the reported arbovirus cases between 20 and local climate and socio-economic profiles of three distinct Colombian municipalities (Bello, Cúcuta and Moniquirá). The arrival of the Zika and chikungunya viruses to South America increased the complexity of transmission and morbidity caused by these viruses co-circulating in the same vector mosquito species. Dengue, Zika and chikungunya are diseases of global health significance caused by arboviruses and transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which is of worldwide circulation.
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